Dear visitor!If you are outside Russia and have important information regarding urgent threats to the security of the Russian Federation, you can safely переехала and anonymously share it with us via the virtual reception system (VRS) of the SVR over the TOR network. Our onion-address is:svrgovru24yd42e6mmrnohzs37hb35yqeulvmvkc76e3drb75gs4qrid.onionPlease do not send information concerning media inquiries, press releases, archival research and other similar issues through this channel.How to establish a secure communication with us via the VRS? Follow the simple instructions given below:1. Download and install on your computer/device a browser or an operating system that supports TOR. We recommend that you use open source software (e.g. www.torproject.org, tails.boum.org, etc). Make sure you verify the installation package's digital signature after downloading.2. Run your TOR-browser and enter our onion-address to access the VRS of the SVR over the TOR network.3. During you first visit to the VRS you will be given a five-words code that you should write down or memorize. You will need it in the future to log back in and check for responses from our team in case we are interested in additional communication.4. If you are in hostile environment and/or have reasons to worry about your security, do not use a device (smartphone, computer) registered to you or associated in any way with you or people from your personal settings for network access. Relate the importance of information you want to send us with the security measures you are taking to protect yourself!5. If you are familiar with PGP, consider encrypting your message to our virtual reception system by the following public PGP-key as an additional layer of security:-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- mQINBF7bruoBEACb78LwhlBJDhT707sK7MlFGB0S8qCaSQdUVzMAdQ5kW9hB/FJV f1FmO4szUPvWCwHVvynM8JCBfRM6E2jaET24yxJOJbEOKNYEtMCCe2+uhUVKe4pc w6GzmD0g1ODfW3mdnlF3DNokBKAd85sB3/owJhxBbwBUPEUmk+DVSCAiM8paO8pT b89BoqN63hdal8fCO8BtNngl3oI+xS3kKRCWkn5IuEZdDxCUqB8CzX9QMGX84DhH wlHvvFuqOpDJt07ULh3a/T4QxoLCYQYS+a7KWmZQhObe/4ecWOrxKHrugB/cXzGu 4V+02OKB9Gq03AVSLhfO50yIhoggHEDyIvDzFaBRcfZxtIDXY2F49A+VWaLLixYt ZixrrK0HMEJMvSoXceQZU2g5Fi7qTCwuOxirhq0zOlI/orAQTHVthcmBYqt2jX1X 7075/lmjJd0mS3hqofOYfbkTQutYI8hjXqFfcIOqkhNwyiGge9/qejULy29MoEir jvB5sUg9joI77LjoE2e7v1NBq2XHSyMFfAkr9D2Dd/qYiMBgyhjBUGwIs7BmDcES 8fRwJynRgUElX1YiREIMRtCvxz+GwhF7Smnu1KXqeo7OotKI4783Qp0R+RIcaczb VmWnaK6v5TVaxGO+0Yw8eFjts/UTrrECcc9D7LYC9DzFmb6fpdKwQl/cUQARAQAB tB5mZWVkYmFjayA8ZmVlZGJhY2tAc3ZyLmdvdi5ydT6JAjkEEwECACMFAl7bruoC GwMHCwkIBwMCAQYVCAIJCgsEFgIDAQIeAQIXgAAKCRDyY8kgehzDs0MAD/4yx68x ijVJSoRx/ArI4g4MBK9h1f76aQtIsisQZdysS0gI9TXiOiTH+ncezzjLl6dpogq8 06MxSKX5xqWTdYzuHmJYmk51mDOzLV5B5wu/hz7FJ/JWow8qX3S0T1kGZiAhx1l7 lgtZ2fSCgad7XEWUIQBL93s0wqYfr3Tk1ZRLrFx+ds29IlP3xHz4MZhvEcbgoWUo 9NMefp5nzLwTNcyKOs14VA8cPR6i0DboPRGO85WW1mVFl+Uii76HRqNVLy30dgXt 6VPYVgAh1Tki2OX9W2SFwp2q97y9LSpYZlwZBZgS2k6FiCj59FCUdJWe3PBZ+sQR kXS5/Nh/UUqHH++Cpedgu9RwG/jpjMHOg4zOrdx4UT5a52/MhX/7nqmG2s99c3tx 03I4m9dSe9S/pvfE6q3+eQrb3AFgixhpzlRCJulEcMd4HerfpAJkRJDKQojkG8tR aV9FEDz669mFlUtgRBTEp7TMT2/JbkreqONQ/ycL7KRXRLTM7Ql0oL3Xzuddio2Y ic2R0/03sTVENblMysQvUDw9IOEV+PtWRSwosa7YxwcEYkOwtMjOsGjJ6CtbAq3d ByNhS+9lX6QM9VKtge5JwC519emSDEKnt4SvEwRcWLnWU90+rEBPsIou3HFEwQ8a YV9tCx2MYia8e/yz6VsSpecVVkB6wWroP33oWLkCDQRe267qARAAwhrcr4W0tBOW Xo++XlsS55Efy8bhM+H/ETP1Z8VhdgbC8LwmTAeCWp/FztoblhNGUlBfvy8ZqHS9 3D5U/SQo+WOBuvaQ28RtY/0JCML6Ms+u0W1UE2TbM499TQMO3xZWozacy7qrkg0O SCL1JQ0YLLPdUa9T9I2ZUrplww7b/wN+NFRUkPd5tDsPbKKul0aw4y0IJVSIhXU4 XrQUX0iff5jIymzqEr1u15iEX6AwvwT3iHNCEhr0lWe7KVnjr3pxG1tlBS5cECrp 1D3twOCTJrQKhsJBaPNG8yhj4hHG0iPmgb4SLonRwyzoRFg9/F7ALig4P26lmN67 3UYpTr4jGxBiAPyMohzj4mWfDjp95blIs7c1Yf1DcqhO/ODAX0qtlWivp/uNB73p ry/ixPP18YrDnCEzW4U8uJ/yiony4U9O0G26GjtEgB7ZGryk6fToRepCd8hL0hsM p3iLxm5LYvtDw4EExTNksNLgxIp7KNN+/tb0o7b4Y8UoG6fVMpywVID6iKeyIiVW 5KhKRRYCw84VMWs5yl6igEc1FEplAw804zANIqM2J/QBfgplstrhJ3Y6wkHFEblT 8TvTqGr5MJzkSr1ZxnX6uVctKR8VTIHy7gHQ3G3Z75saNvcU+4qqNg/0PfLbnW/O 79x5UiIZa2vNaIl1kSRn98YsMKEYlk0AEQEAAYkCHwQYAQIACQUCXtuu6gIbDAAK CRDyY8kgehzDs/VcD/9y7TtPthPTgkWGlnCXl+wL9BWFnumbQrYq7SQ5AauI86BH 5LCjweoPcgUkG3GF0o81NEZpWh+ZDl0h5VzEdc7bvQt9ZP16czuwhyZiK+b2me/n Lutx9b2fUePRfKBnhm1vomShcvOXH3fmp80w9JsB92Wj56Ajo5WR3hIcHHheOSRa 63K/rzdQZ7UIDPDVIROEHMJciuo8V2H+FNvHkjSJPkgnAj17+XqvAEUdMF9hTHUN uM2AajUrpWB3OXpbTMCDWbXoBWMDfVki7EFiFftXkLnaExqk2A9zgjEy+nht9S1y l6NXwM6McpHxClzSoZDTDugywUPF3Izx1F5tca0DJeoyNTs3Gp6CcEnV9Qs9F5MW 0iw2mi5eF1uHV0JOQGLkFQWuGeyoe9Nio3L9Ho3uEzInQ/V9uvo84RbfarmmVXFY lVjF2icAMzU3eTOGqAUIS10XFADYxRfogqG25jjjwFS4b/9YJqsImE8e+x75f+z6 0Nx0SAfvURUNjqPcTyQhpnlHPg8ayZzECLF2NCeLRQo8s/zNd3IxRJpdbgjgLK4A L7/Zek4rAP8W0fc2wcFZjuwRCvPWvIID3mP1EsUru5TLSfkxo2B03HzPB6WMyH5v iSzLXvjpn272L9B1TE8FFBC6Dl0U74+np+lHVM+qIEfWE8KMK3nVEqIXBfzGcQ== =5vim -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----Уважаемый посетитель!Если вы находитесь за пределами России и располагаете важной информацией об угрозах безопасности Российской Федерации, то можете направить её нам безопасным и анонимным способом через виртуальную приёмную Службы в сети TOR по адресу:svrgovru24yd42e6mmrnohzs37hb35yqeulvmvkc76e3drb75gs4qrid.onionНе пересылайте по данному каналу материалы, касающиеся вопросов СМИ, архивной работы и подобной тематики.Как связаться с нами через виртуальную приёмную Службы в сети TOR?Следуйте следующим простым инструкциям:1. Загрузите и установите интернет-браузер либо операционную систему с поддержкой сети TOR. Рекомендуем использовать программное обеспечение с открытым исходным кодом и из авторитетных независимых источников (например, с сайтов torproject.org или tails.boum.org), а также проверить цифровую подпись установочного архива после скачивания.2. Запустите TOR-браузер и введите приведённый выше адрес виртуальной приёмной Службы в сети TOR.3. При первом посещении виртуальной приёмной Вам будет присвоен уникальный идентификатор (комбинация из 5 слов), который в дальнейшем потребуется для доступа к ответу Службы на Ваше сообщение в случае, если оно представит интерес.4. Если вы находитесь во враждебной среде и опасаетесь за свою безопасность, то не используйте для выхода в сеть и поддержания с нами связи смартфоны, компьютеры и другие электронные устройства, ассоциированные с Вами или Вашими знакомыми. Соотносите значимость передаваемой Вами информации с принимаемыми мерами по обеспечению своей безопасности!5. Если вы знаете, как работать с PGP, то в качестве дополнительной меры зашиты рекомендуем зашифровать своё сообщение в наш адрес с использованием следующего публичного PGP-ключа:-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- mQINBF7bruoBEACb78LwhlBJDhT707sK7MlFGB0S8qCaSQdUVzMAdQ5kW9hB/FJV f1FmO4szUPvWCwHVvynM8JCBfRM6E2jaET24yxJOJbEOKNYEtMCCe2+uhUVKe4pc w6GzmD0g1ODfW3mdnlF3DNokBKAd85sB3/owJhxBbwBUPEUmk+DVSCAiM8paO8pT b89BoqN63hdal8fCO8BtNngl3oI+xS3kKRCWkn5IuEZdDxCUqB8CzX9QMGX84DhH wlHvvFuqOpDJt07ULh3a/T4QxoLCYQYS+a7KWmZQhObe/4ecWOrxKHrugB/cXzGu 4V+02OKB9Gq03AVSLhfO50yIhoggHEDyIvDzFaBRcfZxtIDXY2F49A+VWaLLixYt ZixrrK0HMEJMvSoXceQZU2g5Fi7qTCwuOxirhq0zOlI/orAQTHVthcmBYqt2jX1X 7075/lmjJd0mS3hqofOYfbkTQutYI8hjXqFfcIOqkhNwyiGge9/qejULy29MoEir jvB5sUg9joI77LjoE2e7v1NBq2XHSyMFfAkr9D2Dd/qYiMBgyhjBUGwIs7BmDcES 8fRwJynRgUElX1YiREIMRtCvxz+GwhF7Smnu1KXqeo7OotKI4783Qp0R+RIcaczb VmWnaK6v5TVaxGO+0Yw8eFjts/UTrrECcc9D7LYC9DzFmb6fpdKwQl/cUQARAQAB tB5mZWVkYmFjayA8ZmVlZGJhY2tAc3ZyLmdvdi5ydT6JAjkEEwECACMFAl7bruoC GwMHCwkIBwMCAQYVCAIJCgsEFgIDAQIeAQIXgAAKCRDyY8kgehzDs0MAD/4yx68x ijVJSoRx/ArI4g4MBK9h1f76aQtIsisQZdysS0gI9TXiOiTH+ncezzjLl6dpogq8 06MxSKX5xqWTdYzuHmJYmk51mDOzLV5B5wu/hz7FJ/JWow8qX3S0T1kGZiAhx1l7 lgtZ2fSCgad7XEWUIQBL93s0wqYfr3Tk1ZRLrFx+ds29IlP3xHz4MZhvEcbgoWUo 9NMefp5nzLwTNcyKOs14VA8cPR6i0DboPRGO85WW1mVFl+Uii76HRqNVLy30dgXt 6VPYVgAh1Tki2OX9W2SFwp2q97y9LSpYZlwZBZgS2k6FiCj59FCUdJWe3PBZ+sQR kXS5/Nh/UUqHH++Cpedgu9RwG/jpjMHOg4zOrdx4UT5a52/MhX/7nqmG2s99c3tx 03I4m9dSe9S/pvfE6q3+eQrb3AFgixhpzlRCJulEcMd4HerfpAJkRJDKQojkG8tR aV9FEDz669mFlUtgRBTEp7TMT2/JbkreqONQ/ycL7KRXRLTM7Ql0oL3Xzuddio2Y ic2R0/03sTVENblMysQvUDw9IOEV+PtWRSwosa7YxwcEYkOwtMjOsGjJ6CtbAq3d ByNhS+9lX6QM9VKtge5JwC519emSDEKnt4SvEwRcWLnWU90+rEBPsIou3HFEwQ8a YV9tCx2MYia8e/yz6VsSpecVVkB6wWroP33oWLkCDQRe267qARAAwhrcr4W0tBOW Xo++XlsS55Efy8bhM+H/ETP1Z8VhdgbC8LwmTAeCWp/FztoblhNGUlBfvy8ZqHS9 3D5U/SQo+WOBuvaQ28RtY/0JCML6Ms+u0W1UE2TbM499TQMO3xZWozacy7qrkg0O SCL1JQ0YLLPdUa9T9I2ZUrplww7b/wN+NFRUkPd5tDsPbKKul0aw4y0IJVSIhXU4 XrQUX0iff5jIymzqEr1u15iEX6AwvwT3iHNCEhr0lWe7KVnjr3pxG1tlBS5cECrp 1D3twOCTJrQKhsJBaPNG8yhj4hHG0iPmgb4SLonRwyzoRFg9/F7ALig4P26lmN67 3UYpTr4jGxBiAPyMohzj4mWfDjp95blIs7c1Yf1DcqhO/ODAX0qtlWivp/uNB73p ry/ixPP18YrDnCEzW4U8uJ/yiony4U9O0G26GjtEgB7ZGryk6fToRepCd8hL0hsM p3iLxm5LYvtDw4EExTNksNLgxIp7KNN+/tb0o7b4Y8UoG6fVMpywVID6iKeyIiVW 5KhKRRYCw84VMWs5yl6igEc1FEplAw804zANIqM2J/QBfgplstrhJ3Y6wkHFEblT 8TvTqGr5MJzkSr1ZxnX6uVctKR8VTIHy7gHQ3G3Z75saNvcU+4qqNg/0PfLbnW/O 79x5UiIZa2vNaIl1kSRn98YsMKEYlk0AEQEAAYkCHwQYAQIACQUCXtuu6gIbDAAK CRDyY8kgehzDs/VcD/9y7TtPthPTgkWGlnCXl+wL9BWFnumbQrYq7SQ5AauI86BH 5LCjweoPcgUkG3GF0o81NEZpWh+ZDl0h5VzEdc7bvQt9ZP16czuwhyZiK+b2me/n Lutx9b2fUePRfKBnhm1vomShcvOXH3fmp80w9JsB92Wj56Ajo5WR3hIcHHheOSRa 63K/rzdQZ7UIDPDVIROEHMJciuo8V2H+FNvHkjSJPkgnAj17+XqvAEUdMF9hTHUN uM2AajUrpWB3OXpbTMCDWbXoBWMDfVki7EFiFftXkLnaExqk2A9zgjEy+nht9S1y l6NXwM6McpHxClzSoZDTDugywUPF3Izx1F5tca0DJeoyNTs3Gp6CcEnV9Qs9F5MW 0iw2mi5eF1uHV0JOQGLkFQWuGeyoe9Nio3L9Ho3uEzInQ/V9uvo84RbfarmmVXFY lVjF2icAMzU3eTOGqAUIS10XFADYxRfogqG25jjjwFS4b/9YJqsImE8e+x75f+z6 0Nx0SAfvURUNjqPcTyQhpnlHPg8ayZzECLF2NCeLRQo8s/zNd3IxRJpdbgjgLK4A L7/Zek4rAP8W0fc2wcFZjuwRCvPWvIID3mP1EsUru5TLSfkxo2B03HzPB6WMyH5v iSzLXvjpn272L9B1TE8FFBC6Dl0U74+np+lHVM+qIEfWE8KMK3nVEqIXBfzGcQ== =5vim -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK
Tor onion site - Кракен онин
The Tor Project has released Tor Browser 11.0 with a new user interface design and the removal of support for V2 onion services.The Tor Browser is a customized version of Firefox ESR that allows users to browse the web anonymously and access special .onion domains only accessible via Tor.You can download the Tor Browser from the Tor Project site, and if you are an existing user, you can upgrade to the latest version by going to the Tor Menu > Help > About Tor Browser.Tor Browser 11.0Tor Browser 11 uses Firefox ESR 91, which brings an updated user interface containing new icons, a new toolbar, streamlined menus, dialogs, and an updated tabs interface.New Tor 11 icons Source: Tor ProjectHowever, the most significant change is the deprecation of V2 onion services, meaning TOR URLs using short 16 character hostnames domains are no longer supported.When attempting to open a V2 onion service, Tor Browser will show users an "Invalid Onionsite Address" with an error code of 0xF6.V2 Onion services are no longer supported"Last year we announced that v2 onion services would be deprecated in late 2021, and since its 10.5 release Tor Browser has been busy warning users who visit v2 onion sites of their upcoming retirement," the Tor Project explained in the Tor Browser 11 release notes."At long last, that day has finally come. Since updating to Tor 0.4.6.8 v2 onion services are no longer reachable in Tor Browser, and users will receive an “Invalid Onion Site Address” error instead."With this change, Tor sites using V2 onion services will no longer be reachable, but admins can upgrade to a V3 onion service by adding the following lines to the torrc file.HiddenServiceDir /full/path/to/your/hs/v3/directory/HiddenServicePort :As with all releases, there are always known issues and bugs that users need to be aware.The known issues in Tor 11 are listed below:Bug 40668: DocumentFreezer & file schemeBug 40671: Fonts don't renderBug 40679: Missing features on first-time launch in esr91 on MacOSBug 40689: Change Blockchair Search provider's HTTP methodBug 40667: AV1 videos shows as corrupt files in Windows 8.1Bug 40677: Since the update to 11.0a9 some addons are inactive and need disabling-reenabling on each startBug 40666: Switching svg.disable affects NoScript settingsBug 40690: Browser chrome breaks when private browsing mode is turned offYou can download Tor 11.0 from the Tor Browser download page and the distribution directory.
By Ben Kero, Devops Engineer at BraveIn 2018, Brave integrated Tor into the browser to give our users a new browsing mode that helps protect their privacy not only on device but over the network. Our Private Window with Tor helps protect Brave users from ISPs (Internet Service Providers), guest Wi-Fi providers, and visited sites that may be watching their Internet connection or even tracking and collecting IP addresses, a device’s Internet identifier.We are, and always have been, hugely thankful for the work and mission that the Tor team brings to the world. To continue our support, we wanted to make our website and browser download accessible to Tor users by creating Tor onion services for Brave websites. These services are a way to protect users’ metadata, such as their real location, and enhance the security of our already-encrypted traffic. This was desired for a few reasons, foremost of which was to be able to reach users who could be in a situation where learning about and retrieving Brave browser is problematic.We’ll go through the process of creating this setup, which you should be able to use to create your own onion service.To start the process we ‘mined’ the address using a piece of software called a miner: I chose Scallion due to Linux support and GPU acceleration. Mining is the computationally expensive process of creating a private key to prove a claim on an onion address with a desired string. Onion (v2) addresses are 16 character strings consisting of a-z and 2-7. They end in .onion, and traffic to .onion domains does not exit the Tor network. V3 addresses are a longer, more secure address which will provide stronger cryptography, which we will soon migrate to.In our case we wanted a string that started with ‘brave’ followed by a number. A six-character prefix only takes around 15 minutes when mined on a relatively powerful GPU (we used a GTX1080). The end result is a .onion address and a private key that allows us to advertise we are ready and able to receive traffic sent to this address. This is routed through a ‘tor’ daemon with some specific options.After we mined our onion address we loaded it up in EOTK. The Enterprise Onion Toolkit is a piece of software that simplifies setting up a Tor daemon and OpenResty (a Lua-configurable nginx-based) web server to proxy traffic to non-onion web servers. In our case we are proxying traffic to brave.com domains. One last piece was required to complete the setup: a valid SSL certificate.Without the certificate, upon starting EOTK for the first time, you’ll find that many web assets don’t load. This is due to using a self-signed SSL certificate. For some, this is acceptable. Many onion users are accustomed to seeing self-signed certificate warnings, however for the best experience a legitimate certificate from a CA is necessary. For now, the only certificate authority issuing certificates for .onion addresses is DigiCert. They provide EV certificates for .onion addresses including SANs, with the exciting addition of wildcard SANs, which are otherwise not allowed in an EV certificate!Generating a private key and certificate signing request is done in the standard way with OpenSSL. For more information about how this is done see documentation here. An example of a CSR configuration file is shown below:One snag was that the process of proving you own the address requires a few different steps of validation. One is the traditional EV due diligence of contacting a representative of the organization that is on-file with DigiCert. Another is a practical demonstration, either of a DNS TXT record or a HTTP request to a well-known URL path. Since the onion addresses don’t have the concept of DNS, TXT validation will be impossible. That leaves the only remaining option as the HTTP practical demonstration. The demonstration involves requesting a challenge from DigiCert, at which point they will send you a short string and a path that they need to see the string served at.You then start a web server listening on that address on port 80 (non-SSL). They will send a GET request for that path. If they are able to successfully fetch the string, they know that you are in control of the address. Sadly, when I performed this song and dance with DigiCert the request did not work for 2 reasons. One was that EOTK was redirecting all of the non-SSL traffic to the SSL listener. The request failed since we were still running an EOTK-generated self-signed certificate. EOTK has a feature to serve short strings such as those required for this process using the “hardcoded_endpoint_csv” configuration option, but unfortunately it did not work due to the SSL redirect. I was able to modify the OpenResty configuration to move the configuration block responsible to the port-80 server section.After consulting with the author, I was told that the “force_http” EOTK option will fix this. Another problem is that DigiCert’s automated validator evidently cannot route Tor traffic since requests still failed. Opening a chat session with a DigiCert rep solved this problem quickly though, especially after pointing out that DNS TXT validation is not possible, and providing a link to the .onion blog post referenced earlier.We had to reissue certificates a few times (requiring more rounds of human validation for the EV cert requirements) in order to add some SAN wildcard subjects for our various subdomains (for example *.brave.com will not match example.s3.brave.com). One thing to note here is that even if you update the SAN subjects in your CSR, this will not add them to the reissued cert. They must be added through DigiCert’s web interface, and it can be easy to miss.Once we had our certificate we fed this into EOTK and found that web pages started appearing correctly, and that downloads worked without receiving a certificate error! This was a very satisfying milestone and let me know that we were almost done.EOTK does some string manipulation to rewrite URLs and some text on the pages so that they refer to the .onion addresses (example: a link to “brave.com/blog” becomes “brave5t5rjjg3s6k.onion/blog”). This is mostly desirable, although some strings should be preserved. For example we have several email addresses listed on brave.com such as [email protected] This was being rewritten as [email protected] Since we don’t (yet) run an email server as an onion service these email addresses won’t work, thus they should be preserved as [email protected] EOTK has a “preserve_csv” option to maintain these static strings.Another suggestion is to include an Onion-Location response header on your web site, which points to your onion address. This hints at the user and their browser that the site is also available as an Onion service, and that they can visit that site if they so choose.Of course this novel daemon setup needed to run *somewhere*. In accordance with our standard devops practices at Brave, we wrote infrastructure-as-code using Terraform to deploy and maintain this. It is currently deployed in AWS EC2 with private keys secured in AWS SSM and loaded on boot. In a future iteration of the code we’d like to implement OnionBalance so that we can provide more redundancy and scalability to our onion services.Hopefully this post has taught you how we’ve been able to set this up at Brave, and how you can replicate our success to run an onion service for yourself. If you have any questions please feel free to reach out to me at [email protected], or on Twitter at @bkero.I’d like to thank Alec Muffett, the author of EOTK, for his invaluable assistance in helping me overcome all the challenges related to setting this up, and for encouraging me to do things the harder but more correct way. I’d also like to thank Kenyon Abbott at DigiCert for his assistance in helping with the process of issuing and re-issuing the certificate and enduring the multiple iterations necessary to get our certificate working.